Google Question Paper - GLAT (GOOGLE LABS Aptitude Test)
1. Solve this cryptic equation, realizing of course that values for M
and E could be interchanged. No leading zeros are allowed.
WWWDOT - GOOGLE = DOTCOM
This can be solved through systematic application of logic. For
example, cannot be equal to 0, since . That would make , but , which
is not possible.
Here is a slow brute-force method of solution that takes a few minutes
on a relatively fast machine:
This gives the two solutions
777589 - 188106 == 589483
777589 - 188103 == 589486
Here is another solution using Mathematica's Reduce command:
A faster (but slightly more obscure) piece of code is the following:
Faster still using the same approach (and requiring ~300 MB of memory):
Even faster using the same approach (that does not exclude leading
zeros in the solution, but that can easily be weeded out at the end):
Here is an independent solution method that uses branch-and-prune
techniques:
And the winner for overall fastest:
2. Write a haiku describing possible methods for predicting search
traffic seasonality.
MathWorld's search engine
seemed slowed this May. Undergrads
prepping for finals.
3. 1
1 1
2 1
1 2 1 1
1 1 1 2 2 1
What's the next line?
312211. This is the "look and say" sequence in which each term after
the first describes the previous term: one 1 (11); two 1s (21); one 2
and one 1 (1211); one 1, one 2, and two 1's (111221); and so on. See
the look and say sequence entry on MathWorld for a complete write-up
and the algebraic form of a fascinating related quantity known as
Conway's constant.4. You are in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike. There is a
dusty laptop here with a weak wireless connection. There are dull,
lifeless gnomes strolling around. What dost thou do?
A) Wander aimlessly, bumping into obstacles until you are eaten by
a grue.
B) Use the laptop as a digging device to tunnel to the next level.
C) Play MPoRPG until the battery dies along with your hopes.
D) Use the computer to map the nodes of the maze and discover an
exit path.
E) Email your resume to Google, tell the lead gnome you quit and
find yourself in whole different world [sic].
In general, make a state diagram . However, this method would not
work in certain pathological cases such as, say, a fractal maze. For
an example of this and commentary, see Ed Pegg's column about state
diagrams and mazes .
5. What's broken with Unix?
Their reproductive capabilities.
How would you fix it?
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
6. On your first day at Google, you discover that your cubicle mate
wrote the textbook you used as a primary resource in your first year
of graduate school. Do you:
A) Fawn obsequiously and ask if you can have an autograph.
B) Sit perfectly still and use only soft keystrokes to avoid
disturbing her concentration
C) Leave her daily offerings of granola and English toffee from the
food bins.
D) Quote your favorite formula from the textbook and explain how
it's now your mantra.
E) Show her how example 17b could have been solved with 34 fewer
lines of code.
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
7. Which of the following expresses Google's over-arching philosophy?
A) "I'm feeling lucky"
B) "Don't be evil"
C) "Oh, I already fixed that"
D) "You should never be more than 50 feet from food"
E) All of the above
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
8. How many different ways can you color an icosahedron with one of
three colors on each face?
For an asymmetric 20-sided solid, there are possible 3-colorings .
For a symmetric 20-sided object, the Polya enumeration theorem can be
used to obtain the number of distinct colorings. Here is a concise
Mathematica implementation:
What colors would you choose?
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
9. This space left intentionally blank. Please fill it with something
that improves upon emptiness.
For nearly 10,000 images of mathematical functions, see The Wolfram
Functions Site visualization gallery .
10. On an infinite, two-dimensional, rectangular lattice of 1-ohm
resistors, what is the resistance between two nodes that are a
knight's move away?
This problem is discussed in J. Cserti's 1999 arXiv preprint . It is
also discussed in The Mathematica GuideBook for Symbolics, the
forthcoming fourth volume in Michael Trott's GuideBook series, the
first two of which were published just last week by Springer-Verlag.
The contents for all four GuideBooks, including the two not yet
published, are available on the DVD distributed with the first two
GuideBooks.
11. It's 2PM on a sunny Sunday afternoon in the Bay Area. You're
minutes from the Pacific Ocean, redwood forest hiking trails and world
class cultural attractions. What do you do?
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
12. In your opinion, what is the most beautiful math equation ever
derived?
There are obviously many candidates. The following list gives ten of
the authors' favorites:
1. Archimedes' recurrence formula : , , ,
2. Euler formula :
3. Euler-Mascheroni constant :
4. Riemann hypothesis: and implies
5. Gaussian integral :
6. Ramanujan's prime product formula:
7. Zeta-regularized product :
8. Mandelbrot set recursion:
9. BBP formula :
10. Cauchy integral formula:
An excellent paper discussing the most beautiful equations in physics
is Daniel Z. Freedman's " Some beautiful equations of mathematical
physics ." Note that the physics view on beauty in equations is less
uniform than the mathematical one. To quote the
not-necessarily-standard view of theoretical physicist P.A.M. Dirac,
"It is more important to have beauty in one's equations than to have
them fit experiment."
13. Which of the following is NOT an actual interest group formed by
Google employees?
A. Women's basketball
B. Buffy fans
C. Cricketeers
D. Nobel winners
E. Wine club
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
14. What will be the next great improvement in search technology?
Semantic searching of mathematical formulas. See
http://functions.wolfram.com/About/ourvision.html for work currently
underway at Wolfram Research that will be made available in the near
future.
15. What is the optimal size of a project team, above which additional
members do not contribute productivity equivalent to the percentage
increase in the staff size?
A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 11
E) 24
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
16. Given a triangle ABC, how would you use only a compass and
straight edge to find a point P such that triangles ABP, ACP and BCP
have equal perimeters? (Assume that ABC is constructed so that a
solution does exist.)
This is the isoperimetric point , which is at the center of the larger
Soddy circle. It is related to Apollonius' problem . The three tangent
circles are easy to construct: The circle around has diameter , which
gives the other two circles. A summary of compass and straightedge
constructions for the outer Soddy circle can be found in " Apollonius'
Problem: A Study of Solutions and Their Connections" by David Gisch
and Jason M. Ribando.
17. Consider a function which, for a given whole number n, returns the
number of ones required when writing out all numbers between 0 and n.
For example, f(13)=6. Notice that f(1)=1. What is the next largest
n such that f(n)=n?
The following Mathematica code computes the difference between [the
cumulative number of 1s in the positive integers up to n] and [the
value of n itself] as n ranges from 1 to 500,000:
The solution to the problem is then the first position greater than
the first at which data equals 0:
which are the first few terms of sequence A014778 in the On-Line
Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.
Checking by hand confirms that the numbers from 1 to 199981 contain a
total of 199981 1s:
18. What is the coolest hack you've ever written?
While there is no "correct" answer, a nice hack for solving the first
problem in the SIAM hundred-dollar, hundred-digit challenge can be
achieved by converting the limit into the strongly divergent series:
and then using Mathematica's numerical function SequenceLimit to
trivially get the correct answer (to six digits),
You must tweak parameters a bit or write your own sequence limit to
get all 10 digits.
[Other hacks are left to the reader.]
19. 'Tis known in refined company, that choosing K things out of N can
be done in ways as many as choosing N minus K from N: I pick K, you
the remaining.
This simply states the binomial coefficient identity .
Find though a cooler bijection, where you show a knack uncanny, of
making your choices contain all K of mine. Oh, for pedantry: let K be
no more than half N.
'Tis more problematic to disentangle semantic meaning precise from the
this paragraph of verbiage peculiar.
20. What number comes next in the sequence: 10, 9, 60, 90, 70, 66, ?
A) 96
B) 1000000000000000000000000000000000\
0000000000000000000000000000000000\
000000000000000000000000000000000
C) Either of the above
D) None of the above
This can be looked up and found to be sequence A052196 in the On-Line
Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, which gives the largest positive
integer whose English name has n letters. For example, the first few
terms are ten, nine, sixty, ninety, seventy, sixty-six, ninety-six,
?. A more correct sequence might be ten, nine, sixty, googol,
seventy, sixty-six, ninety-six, googolplex. And also note,
incidentally, that the correct spelling of the mathematical term "
googol" differs from the name of the company that made up this
aptitude test.
The first few can be computed using the NumberName function in Eric
Weisstein's MathWorld packages:
A mathematical solution could also be found by fitting a Lagrange
interpolating polynomial to the six known terms and extrapolating:
21. In 29 words or fewer, describe what you would strive to accomplish
if you worked at Google Labs.
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
1. Solve this cryptic equation, realizing of course that values for M
and E could be interchanged. No leading zeros are allowed.
WWWDOT - GOOGLE = DOTCOM
This can be solved through systematic application of logic. For
example, cannot be equal to 0, since . That would make , but , which
is not possible.
Here is a slow brute-force method of solution that takes a few minutes
on a relatively fast machine:
This gives the two solutions
777589 - 188106 == 589483
777589 - 188103 == 589486
Here is another solution using Mathematica's Reduce command:
A faster (but slightly more obscure) piece of code is the following:
Faster still using the same approach (and requiring ~300 MB of memory):
Even faster using the same approach (that does not exclude leading
zeros in the solution, but that can easily be weeded out at the end):
Here is an independent solution method that uses branch-and-prune
techniques:
And the winner for overall fastest:
2. Write a haiku describing possible methods for predicting search
traffic seasonality.
MathWorld's search engine
seemed slowed this May. Undergrads
prepping for finals.
3. 1
1 1
2 1
1 2 1 1
1 1 1 2 2 1
What's the next line?
312211. This is the "look and say" sequence in which each term after
the first describes the previous term: one 1 (11); two 1s (21); one 2
and one 1 (1211); one 1, one 2, and two 1's (111221); and so on. See
the look and say sequence entry on MathWorld for a complete write-up
and the algebraic form of a fascinating related quantity known as
Conway's constant.4. You are in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike. There is a
dusty laptop here with a weak wireless connection. There are dull,
lifeless gnomes strolling around. What dost thou do?
A) Wander aimlessly, bumping into obstacles until you are eaten by
a grue.
B) Use the laptop as a digging device to tunnel to the next level.
C) Play MPoRPG until the battery dies along with your hopes.
D) Use the computer to map the nodes of the maze and discover an
exit path.
E) Email your resume to Google, tell the lead gnome you quit and
find yourself in whole different world [sic].
In general, make a state diagram . However, this method would not
work in certain pathological cases such as, say, a fractal maze. For
an example of this and commentary, see Ed Pegg's column about state
diagrams and mazes .
5. What's broken with Unix?
Their reproductive capabilities.
How would you fix it?
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
6. On your first day at Google, you discover that your cubicle mate
wrote the textbook you used as a primary resource in your first year
of graduate school. Do you:
A) Fawn obsequiously and ask if you can have an autograph.
B) Sit perfectly still and use only soft keystrokes to avoid
disturbing her concentration
C) Leave her daily offerings of granola and English toffee from the
food bins.
D) Quote your favorite formula from the textbook and explain how
it's now your mantra.
E) Show her how example 17b could have been solved with 34 fewer
lines of code.
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
7. Which of the following expresses Google's over-arching philosophy?
A) "I'm feeling lucky"
B) "Don't be evil"
C) "Oh, I already fixed that"
D) "You should never be more than 50 feet from food"
E) All of the above
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
8. How many different ways can you color an icosahedron with one of
three colors on each face?
For an asymmetric 20-sided solid, there are possible 3-colorings .
For a symmetric 20-sided object, the Polya enumeration theorem can be
used to obtain the number of distinct colorings. Here is a concise
Mathematica implementation:
What colors would you choose?
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
9. This space left intentionally blank. Please fill it with something
that improves upon emptiness.
For nearly 10,000 images of mathematical functions, see The Wolfram
Functions Site visualization gallery .
10. On an infinite, two-dimensional, rectangular lattice of 1-ohm
resistors, what is the resistance between two nodes that are a
knight's move away?
This problem is discussed in J. Cserti's 1999 arXiv preprint . It is
also discussed in The Mathematica GuideBook for Symbolics, the
forthcoming fourth volume in Michael Trott's GuideBook series, the
first two of which were published just last week by Springer-Verlag.
The contents for all four GuideBooks, including the two not yet
published, are available on the DVD distributed with the first two
GuideBooks.
11. It's 2PM on a sunny Sunday afternoon in the Bay Area. You're
minutes from the Pacific Ocean, redwood forest hiking trails and world
class cultural attractions. What do you do?
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
12. In your opinion, what is the most beautiful math equation ever
derived?
There are obviously many candidates. The following list gives ten of
the authors' favorites:
1. Archimedes' recurrence formula : , , ,
2. Euler formula :
3. Euler-Mascheroni constant :
4. Riemann hypothesis: and implies
5. Gaussian integral :
6. Ramanujan's prime product formula:
7. Zeta-regularized product :
8. Mandelbrot set recursion:
9. BBP formula :
10. Cauchy integral formula:
An excellent paper discussing the most beautiful equations in physics
is Daniel Z. Freedman's " Some beautiful equations of mathematical
physics ." Note that the physics view on beauty in equations is less
uniform than the mathematical one. To quote the
not-necessarily-standard view of theoretical physicist P.A.M. Dirac,
"It is more important to have beauty in one's equations than to have
them fit experiment."
13. Which of the following is NOT an actual interest group formed by
Google employees?
A. Women's basketball
B. Buffy fans
C. Cricketeers
D. Nobel winners
E. Wine club
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
14. What will be the next great improvement in search technology?
Semantic searching of mathematical formulas. See
http://functions.wolfram.com/About/ourvision.html for work currently
underway at Wolfram Research that will be made available in the near
future.
15. What is the optimal size of a project team, above which additional
members do not contribute productivity equivalent to the percentage
increase in the staff size?
A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 11
E) 24
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
16. Given a triangle ABC, how would you use only a compass and
straight edge to find a point P such that triangles ABP, ACP and BCP
have equal perimeters? (Assume that ABC is constructed so that a
solution does exist.)
This is the isoperimetric point , which is at the center of the larger
Soddy circle. It is related to Apollonius' problem . The three tangent
circles are easy to construct: The circle around has diameter , which
gives the other two circles. A summary of compass and straightedge
constructions for the outer Soddy circle can be found in " Apollonius'
Problem: A Study of Solutions and Their Connections" by David Gisch
and Jason M. Ribando.
17. Consider a function which, for a given whole number n, returns the
number of ones required when writing out all numbers between 0 and n.
For example, f(13)=6. Notice that f(1)=1. What is the next largest
n such that f(n)=n?
The following Mathematica code computes the difference between [the
cumulative number of 1s in the positive integers up to n] and [the
value of n itself] as n ranges from 1 to 500,000:
The solution to the problem is then the first position greater than
the first at which data equals 0:
which are the first few terms of sequence A014778 in the On-Line
Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.
Checking by hand confirms that the numbers from 1 to 199981 contain a
total of 199981 1s:
18. What is the coolest hack you've ever written?
While there is no "correct" answer, a nice hack for solving the first
problem in the SIAM hundred-dollar, hundred-digit challenge can be
achieved by converting the limit into the strongly divergent series:
and then using Mathematica's numerical function SequenceLimit to
trivially get the correct answer (to six digits),
You must tweak parameters a bit or write your own sequence limit to
get all 10 digits.
[Other hacks are left to the reader.]
19. 'Tis known in refined company, that choosing K things out of N can
be done in ways as many as choosing N minus K from N: I pick K, you
the remaining.
This simply states the binomial coefficient identity .
Find though a cooler bijection, where you show a knack uncanny, of
making your choices contain all K of mine. Oh, for pedantry: let K be
no more than half N.
'Tis more problematic to disentangle semantic meaning precise from the
this paragraph of verbiage peculiar.
20. What number comes next in the sequence: 10, 9, 60, 90, 70, 66, ?
A) 96
B) 1000000000000000000000000000000000\
0000000000000000000000000000000000\
000000000000000000000000000000000
C) Either of the above
D) None of the above
This can be looked up and found to be sequence A052196 in the On-Line
Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, which gives the largest positive
integer whose English name has n letters. For example, the first few
terms are ten, nine, sixty, ninety, seventy, sixty-six, ninety-six,
?. A more correct sequence might be ten, nine, sixty, googol,
seventy, sixty-six, ninety-six, googolplex. And also note,
incidentally, that the correct spelling of the mathematical term "
googol" differs from the name of the company that made up this
aptitude test.
The first few can be computed using the NumberName function in Eric
Weisstein's MathWorld packages:
A mathematical solution could also be found by fitting a Lagrange
interpolating polynomial to the six known terms and extrapolating:
21. In 29 words or fewer, describe what you would strive to accomplish
if you worked at Google Labs.
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
For Further Reading,
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